PmU @ @"DATA.APP@P9@iTable1ColA1 2ColB1ColA2ColB2 KADeveloped by the IEEE 802.2 defines a datalink layer standard used with802.3, 802.4, 802.5 & 802.6. 802.2 adds several header fields to those normally used by the upper layer protocols. These fields identify what upper layer protocol is used in theframe and which network layer processes are the frames source and destination.A A communications protocol developed by Apple Computer to allow networking between Macintoshes. All Macintosh computers have a LocalTalk port, running AppleTalk over a 230k bit serial line. AppleTalk also runs over Ethernet (EtherTalk) and Token Ring (TokenTalk) network media.HBCTRL B (or the Left arrow) move left one character at a time.ESC B move left one word at a time.CTRL A move to the start of the line.CTRL F (or the right arrow) move right one character at a time.ESC F move right one word at a time.CTRL E move to the end of a line.Delete or Back space to delete the character to the left.CTRL D to delete the charecter to the right.CTRL K ot delete all charecters to the end of the line.CTRL U or X to delete all characters from the curser to the start of the line.CTRL W to delete the word to the left.ESC D delete the word to the right.ACarrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection is the Ethernet media access method. All network devices contend equally for access to transmit. If a device detects another device's signal while it is transmitting, it aborts transmission and retries after a brief pause. The length of this pause is calculated by usingan algorythm on the units MAC address. This rules the same systems recontendingfor net work control after the same back off periods.AA signal indicating that one or more stations are contending with the local station's transmission. The signal is sent by the Physical layer to the Data Link layer on an Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 node. This can be used by Ethernet switches to reducethe flow of traffic through them if congestion is high. The switch transmits false Collision detect signal to keep all the nodes backed off the network until thecongestion clears.AThe Control Direct VCC is setup by the LEC. It is bi-directional point to point VCC to the LES for sending control traffic. This is set up by the LEC during the initializationphaze. The LEC is required to accecpt control traffice on this VCC in order to allowthe LES to send control info to the LEC.This VCC must be maintained by the LES and the LEC wile the LEC is participating in a VLAN.6ADistributed Queue Dual Bus. This is the access / contention method used byMANs. This is used by SMDS. With DQDB there are two Logical buses connectedto each station on the MAN. each station can access both busses for read and write access. The data from each statioin is slotted into the overall bandwidth.;CA domain name is a text name appended to a host name to form a unique host name across internets. DNS is Domain Name Server. Each web site has a DNS address which can be resolved back to an IP address.This is done when you for example follow a Hyper link. Your pc sends an ARP request across is LAN. If no address is received it is then sent out the defaultgateway. If the address is USR.Com then the ARP request is sent over various routers to the COM server. The ARP request asks the COM server "Do you knowthe IP address of the USR server" if the answer is yes then the COM server sendsback the IP address for USR.Com. If the server does not know the IP address thethe ARP request is sent on to the other COM servers until either the requestis resolved or the Time To Live value in the header exceeds its maximum.BFiberoptic Data Distribution Interface. A cable interfacecapable of transmitting data at 100 Mbps. Originallyspecified for fiber lines, FDDI can also operate overtwisted-pair cable for short distances. FDDI operates in a similar fashionto Token Ring over dual counter rotating rings using a token passing protocol.The dual rings provide a level of redundancy in the network medium.Data on ring 1 travels in the opposite direction to that of ring 2. Under normaloperation the second ring acts as a backup only. The two rings can be ussedtogether to acheive a throughput of 200mbps at a cost of lower fault tolerence.FDDI is both logicaly & physicaly a ring technology.AFile Transfer PotocolThis allows the transfer of files to remote hosts. NOTE!!!!!It also allows directory inspection, execution of FTP relatedcommands, file manpulation. FTP requires a login and passwordFrom a Web browser type: ftp://username:password@url or ip address.AThis layer contains standard drivers that allow your system to access NTFS, CDFS & FAT partitions on disk drives. It also includes several file system drivers for use in a network enviorment.In the NT networking model, services which redirect resource requests to theappropriate network resources are regarded as file system drivers.These include server services called " PIPES" & "Mailslots"The File System Drivers Layer corresponds to the application and presentationlayers of the OSI model.ZAA device for interconnecting two or more dissimilar networks. It can translate all protocol levels from the Physical layer up through the Applications layer of the OSI model, and can therefore interconnect entities that differ in all details. The Netserver is a Gateway. It innterconnects modem, E1, T1 and ISDN traffic to LAN & WAN mediums.HHigh Level Datalink Control Link Access Procedure - Balanced.This protocol operates at the data link layer in a packet swutched network.IT controls the movment of data between the DTE (Host) and the DCE (Switch) only.Packets of Data are changed into Frames at the Data link layer.The X.25 packet receives header and trailer fields from the HDLC protocol.A HDLC Frame is made up of the following components.1. Flag, 2. Address, 3. Control, 4. Data, 5. FCS, 6. FCS, 7. Flag.A flag is used to mark the start and end of a frame. A flag is made up of a uniquebit pattern "01111110". If this pattern appears as part of a piece of data then a method called Bit Stuffing is envoked. Bit Stuffing changes the format of the data so it doesnt match the Flag. This occurs when 5 ones occurs in a row, a zero is inserted after the fifth one. At the toher end it is noticed that there is 5 onesfollowed by a zero so it. The address field can have one of two values.00000001 or 00000011 the reason for this is that HDLC governs the movment between DTE & DCE only so only addresses are required. The control field indicates the type of HDLC frame it is. The frame can be an I frame an S frame or a U Frame. The Data field is the original X.25 packet. There are two FCS (Frame Check Sequence) octets which contain the result of an algorithm used for errordetection.I (Information) Frames contain user data. Each I frame has a sequence numberthis is used to sequence frames on arrival. I frames can also be used as ACKs.Control frames can be U (Unnumbered) Frames or numbered Supervisory framse (S frames). U frames dont contain sequence numbers. U frames are primarily used to setup and release connections, they can also be used to ACK other U Frames. An SABM (Set uplink in balenced mmode) frame is sent to setup a link in balanced mode. The DM frame is used to confirm that a station is in Disconnect Mode. If the responce to an SABM is DM this means that the receiving host is not ready to setup a link.If the host is ready to establish a link the a UA frame is sent in responce.A DISC frame is sent to release a previously setup connection. The normal responce to a DISC is a UA.AThe Internet Architecture Board is the committee responsible for 1. Resolving dissagreements regarding Internet Standards.2. Managing the process of publishing RFC's.Units overseen by the IAB include the following.IRTF Internet Research Task ForceIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. (these guys issueIP addresses.) The IAB publishes a quarterly memo called the IAB OfficialProtocol Standard.AInternet Control Message ProtocolBecause IP offers a connectionles service only. ICMP is used to provide error messages to TCP and the upper layers.ICMP messages include the following.1. Destination Unreachable.2. Source Quench. ( A message from a router to a host to slowdown its transmission).3.Redirect ( A message from a router indicating to the host that there is a better route to take.)4. Echo Request.Ping is a commmand built into ICMPPacket Internet Groper. AThe IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) standard that defines the CSMA/CD media-access method and the physical and data link layer specifications of a local area network. Among others, it includes 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 10BASE-FL and 10BASE-T Ethernet implementations.&DFeatures:128 bit IP Addressing, in comparison to IP V.4 with 32 Bit addresses.It user CIDR Classless inter Domain Routing.Simplified IP Header to speed up routing.Broadcasting not supported (Multicast required)No fragmentation of packets by the routers. This is only allowed on an end to end basis. Sender fragments if neccessary, receiver defrags.NOTE: Path MTU discovery required because of this.Authentication and Security built in.No ARP supported. (replaced by neighbour discovery using ICMP & multicasting.Router discovery required.Plug & Play.Each word (16 Bit quantity) in the IP V6 address is represented by a HEX charecter.0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. Note preceding zeros in the address can be collapsed by "::".The above address would be displayed as ::1.The IP V.6 spec calls for addresses to be constructed as follows.1 byte format prefix + registry ID (IANA, INTERNIC ect)2 byte provider ID1 byte reserved3 byte subscriber ID1 byte reserved2 byte subnet ID6 byte interface ID (Envisioned to be the actual 48 bit address of the network)BIPsec is a set of protocols being developed by IETF to support securedata transfere at the IP layer. Once completed IPsec is expected to beused throughout VPNs.IPsec supports 2 encryption modes. Transport and Tunnel. Transport only encrypts the data portion of the payload but leaves the header untouched.The more secure Tunnel mode encrypts both the date and the header.these are then decrypted on the receiving side by an IPsec compliant device.For IPsec to work the sending and receiving side must share a public key.This is accomplished by a protocol called the Internet Security Associationand Key Managment Protocol / Oakley. ISAKMP/Oakley.*E!"((  FirmwarekAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame. Gateway ServerfA communications server which provides access between networks which use different access protocols.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableEA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec AThe International Standards Organization (ISO) sets standards for computers and communications. Its Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model specifies how dissimilar computing devices such as Network Interface Cards (NICs), bridges and routers exchange data over a network. The model consists of seven layers. From lowest to highest, they are: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation and Application. Each layer performs services for the layer above it.=ALocal Area Transport, a Digital Equipment Corporation proprietary network communication protocol. The protocol is based on the idea of a relatively small, known number of hosts on a local network sending small network packets at regular intervals. LAT will not work on a wide area network scale, as TCP/IP does./ALAN Emulation Client. The LEC is the entity in the end stations which performs data forwarding address resoloution and other control functions. It provides a MAC level emulated 802.3 or802.5 interface. It also implements the LUNI interface when communicating with other elements in the emulated LAN.AThe LECS implements the assignment of individual LEC's to different ELAN's.This is done based upon its own policies, the configuration database and info providedby the clients. It assigns any client that requires config info on a particular ELANthe LES ATM address. This method supports the ability to assign a LEC to an ELAN basedon either the physical location (ATM address) or the id of the LAN its representing.AThe LAN Emulation Server provides a facility for registering and resolving MAC addressesand / or route descriptors to ATM addresses.LECs can register all the MAC addresses they represent with the LES.When an LEC wants to resolve a MAC address, it sends a request to the LES. If the LES canresolve the address it will be passed back to the LEC. If it cannot resolve the addressit will forward the query on to the other LECs in the VLAN.*AManagement Information Base, a database of network parameters used by SNMP and CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol) to monitor and change network device settings. It provides a logical naming of all information resources on the network that are pertinent to the network's management.G(6}ʠ%QISO Layered Model" JabberNetwork error caused by an interface card placing corrupted data on the network. Or, an error condition due to an Ethernet node transmitting longer packets than allowed. L2FLayer 2 Forwarding is a tunneling protocol developed by Cisco.L2F is simmilar to PPTP and is used in VPNs. Microsoft and Cisco haveagreed to merge PPTP and L2F and set one standard Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP.LAT#=LEC$/LECS%LES& LMHOSTSiThe LMHOSTS file is used to map Netbios names to IP adresses an can be used when WINS is unavailable. LPD_Line Printer Daemon, a process on Berkeley spooler implementations that provides LPR support. LPRJThe LPR command is used to queue print jobs on Berkeley queuing systems. LSLLink Support Layer acts as the link between the MLID and the various upper layerprotocol stacks in the Novell protocol suite. LSL software is implementedby lsl.com. LSL reads the protocol id field form each packet of data. Local Network Interconnect (LNI)A Port Multiplier, or concentrator supporting multiple active devices or communications controllers, either used standalone or attached to standard Ethernet cable. MAC AddrressesSome of the major vendors MAC addresses.Cisco = 00000ChDEC = 08002BIBM = 08005ASun = 080020hProteon = 000093hWellfleet = 0000A2h MAUMedium Attachment Unit, a device used to convert signals from one Ethernet medium to another. Usualy 10 Base five to 10  Base2 or 10 Base TMIB'* MLIDMultiple Link Interface Driver is Novells name for a network interface boarddriver. An example of this is NE2000.COM. Each MLID is a piece of software that complies with Novells Open Data-link Interface (ODI) architecture.@A Multihomed computer is on that is configured with multiple NICs so that it canRoute IP Datagrams between two or more networks. Each NIC must be configured with a valid IP address and a Subnet mask. You must then enable static routing.If using NT4 you can then enable RIP instead of static routing. MANetwork Address translation. NAT is an internet standard used when you have a private IP addressing scheme interfacing with the internet.NAT will proxy for the private address scheme and will take care of all address translations accordingly. NAT has some basic firewall capabilities by hiding the internal network IPaddresses.#BNetwork Driver Interface Spec 3.0 sets the standard for communication betweentransport protocols and the NIC drivers. NDIS was originaly developed by Microsoft & 3COM. It was developed to save all NIC vendors from having to developdrivers to support each of the popular network enviorments.NDIS 3.0 is based on NDIS 2.0 the version used by OS/2 NIC drivers.Is is written in "C", uses 32 bit addressing and is multi-processor enabled.A small piece known as the NDIS wrapper controls comms between all transportprotocols and all NIC drivers.ANFS is a more recent protocol than FTP and Telnet. It was developed by SUN micro systems. NFS can provide transparent remote file access between dissimilar computers and operatingsystems. NFS makes use of UDP. This is used in conjunction withXDR (eXternal Data Representation)QAThis layer incorporates NIC drivers and actual NICs. This layer communicates with the Transport Protocols Layer via the NDIS 3.0 boundry.With the NT architecture you can have as many NICs as you like.The NIC drivers layer corresponds to the Media Access control part of the Data Link  layer and the physical layers in the OSI model.1ANetwork Operating System, the software for a network that runs in a file server and controls access to files and other resources from multiple users. It can run on top of DOS, and also provides security and administrative tools. Novell's NetWare, Banyan's VINES and IBM's LAN Server are NOS examples.BNetwork Service Access Point. This is the addressing structure used in the ATM world.This system is described in ISO 8348. The official terminology for this address is theATM private address. The NSAP address is 20 bytes long. There are 3 formats for the NSAPaddress the reason being historical. The first 2 bytes is the AFI Authority Format ID.The next 2 bytes are the DCC which stands for the Data Country Code. The different countrycodes are specified in ISO 3166. The country codes are represented in BCD and are right paddedwith ones if the number is not long eneough to fill the field.The ESI or End Station ID is the ATM equiv of a MAC address and is burned in like a MAC address.QBWhen you first try to install windows NT with the setup floppies it goes throughthe following steps.1. Alimited version of NT is loaded by executing the WINNT32.exe file.2. Hardware detectiom occurs by running NTDETECT.com. Setup automaticallyinstalls drivers for all the hardware it discovers. On X86 systems NT looks forBus/adaptor, Comm ports, Mouse, Keyboard, Video adapter, Floppy drives,SCSI adaptors, Floating point coprocessor, parallel ports.3. The computer restarts.4. Setup info is required. Eg computer name, NIC, Company name ect.5. The emergency repair disk is created.CThere are three main layers associated with Windows NT.1. The File System Drivers. 2. Transport protocols. 3. NIC Drivers.The main layers interact with eachother via 2 BOUNDRY LAYERS.1. TheTransport Driver Interface. 2. Network Driver Interface Sepc (NDIS) 3.0The programing interfaces through which user mode applications interact with the top network layers also constitute a boundry layer.The boundry layers isolate the main layers from eachother.NT provides NTFS, CDFS & FAT system divers for performing I/O operations onlocal drives.NT's default network components are as follows.1. NetBIOS interface. 2. NWLink IPX/SPX Compatible Transport. 3. WorkstationNT's Workstation service. 4. Server NT's Server service.5. Computer Browser NT's Network Browser Service. 6. RPC Configuration7. Drivers for the specific NICs.NT Server installs the NetBEUI protocol in addition to all theNT Workstation components.ANWLink is an NDIS compliant version of Novells IPX. It can be used to establishconnections between NT and Dos, OS2 and Win 95. It is often used where bothNT and Novell networks co exist and Microsoft Clients need to access both.NWLink is a protocol from the transport protocols layer. It allows you tocommunicate with a Novell Netware server or an IPX based application.NWLink is routableC3 AUIAttachment Unit Interface. A 15-pin shielded, twisted pair Ethernet cable used (optionally) to connect between network devices and a MAU. AppleTalk Autobaud=Automatic determination and matching of transmission speed.  BOOTPA TCP/IP network protocol that lets network nodes request configuration information from a BOOTP "server" node. This is used whena server is acting as a DHCP server. BUSThe Broacast Unknown Server handles data recieved form all clients with the destinationMAC address of FFFFFFFFFFFF. It also handles all multicast traffic. It is also responsiblefor delivering data with explorer source routing information. Baseband LANA LAN that uses a single carrier frequency over a single channel. Ethernet, Token Ring and Arcnet LANs use baseband transmission. BaudUnit of signal frequency in signals per second. Not synonymous with bits per second since signals can represent more than one bit. Baud equals bits per second only when the signal represents a single bit. BindingPBinding is the process of establishing initial communication across the layers.BSpecification for parallel printing which allows bidirectional communication on a Centronics-type interface. Pioneered by Hewlett-Packard, mainly used for postscript printers.Printer cable centronics25p-male 36p-male1. - STROBE 12. D0 23. D1 34 D2 45 D3 56 D4 67 D5 78 D6 89 D7 910 - ACK 1011 BUSY 1112 P.END 1213 SELECT 1314 - AUTOFEED 1415 - ERROR 3216 -INIT PRINTER 3117 - SEL INPUT 3618 - 25 GND 19 - 29, 33 15 N.C. 16, 17 0V 18 +5V 34 N.C. 35 +5VO <SketchP( U @o @ieU   ?o8O K/@ PUZiUYZ<_?% XUU ? TUTUUo# o TG? ߯ZU[UoU~ZU_UVUU I@?%@ ,?>/o gD=O/ko.CU۩VU[ꯪ GmUK/ce -?_S[Fxˇa/ _O?[GO?Z Ѓ@/ ? UUOo: @@BAOVUU`K/h,c_E?|CbwK?p)0. ?@?<OB? _/TP[Ao j Gt(Vj"Wj@ ?o@MTU(@@?AClassless Inter-Domain Routing.CIDR effectivly gets rid of the traditional concept of Class A,B & C IP addresses, enabling more efficient use of available IP address space.CIDR supports route aggregation. This allows a single routing tableentry to specify how to route traffic to many individual network addresses.2AThe terminal used to configure network devices at boot (start-up) time or after. Most consoles allow for rate connections between 300bps and 115200bps. There are different methods of flow control used, hardware and software. There are also different protocols supported, such as VT100, TTY and loads more.CBTechnique for examining incoming packets whereby an Ethernet switch looks only at the first few bytes of a packet before forwarding or filtering it. This process is faster than looking at the whole packet, but it also allows some bad packets to be forwarded as it does not detect runts. Newer switches now useadaptive cut-through switching. This is where the switch acts as a cut through switch while the error rate remains low. Of the error rate increasess it then falls back to being a store and forward switch which has better error detection at a cost of lower through put.ND6U &&"41"8* Bitronicsbc Boundry LayersThe boundry layers mean that you could, for example have 2 bindings in which the same file system driver is bound to different transport protocols, eachof which is bound to the same NIC driver.Bridge O BroadbandeT BrouterA device that routes specific protocols, such as TCP/IP and IPX, and bridges other protocols, thereby combining the functions of both routers and bridges. CHAPChallenge Handshake Authentication ProtocolInstead of actually sending a password over the wire, CHAP relies on a sharedsecret that both systems know but never transmit. TCIDRd> CISCO CLI HCSMA/CD Collision Detect Communication ServeruA dedicated, standalone system that manages communications activities for other computers. A Total Control chassis.Console 2Control Direct VCC Cut-throughfC DECnetTMDigital Equipment Corporation (DEC) proprietary networkarchitecture, a system for networking computers. Itruns on point-to-point, X.25 and Ethernet networks.AThe Data Direct VCC is setup between LECs participating a VLAN. This is a bi-directionalunicast VCC, used only for data transfer. It cannot be used for sending control data.When a LEC wants to send a packet to another LEC but it does not know the address it willsend an ATM-ARP to the LES. the LES will send the info back to the LEC, who will then setup the Data Direct VCC between the pair.$AProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then finding that the packet does not need to be forwarded, drops it. a filtering rate is the rate at which a device can receive packets and drop them without any loss of incoming packets or delay in processing.@{GQ2 -*Q F& DLC ProtocolnData Link Control Protocol This is used by NT to communicate with IBM mainframesand all HP network printers. $DLCI Data Link Connection IdentifierA DLCI identifies a Permanent Virtual Circuit in a frame relay circuit.Eg all trafic going from the London office to the NY office would go out on DLCI20. This is a PVC setup by the Telco. All traffic from London to Australia goes outon DLCI 30. DNADigital Network Architecture, DEC's layered data communications protocols, the division of activities into layers required to perform network communications. DNA is compatible with the OSI reference model.DQDB6Data Direct VCC DialbackA security feature that ensures people do not log into modems that they shouldn't_t have access to. When a connection is requested, the system checks the username presented for validity, then "dials back" the number associated with that username. Distributed ProcessingA system in which each computer or node in the network performs its own processing and manages some of its data while the network facilitates communications between the nodes. Domain Name; End NodeA node such as a PC that can only send and receive informationfor its own use. It cannot route and forward information toanother node. EthernetThe most popular LAN technology in use today. The IEEE standard 802.3 defines the rules for configuring an Ethernet network. It is a 10 Mbps, CSMA/CD baseband network that runs over thin coax, thick coax, twisted pair or fiber optic cable. Extended LANoA network consisting of LANs connected by bridges. Up to seven bridges can connect LANs into an extended LAN.FDDIFTP File ServeruA computer that stores data for network users, usually on disks or tapes, and provides network access to that data.File System Drivers layer Filtering$ [f&a^!$ \ @U)MB!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@)E!"((  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame. Gateway ServerfA communications server which provides access between networks which use different access protocols.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableEA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&a^!$ \ @UMB!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@D!"((  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableEA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec [f&a^!$ \ @UMB!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtUHHigh Level Datalink Control Link Access Procedure - Balanced.This protocol operates at the data link layer in a packet swutched network.IT controls the movment of data between the DTE (Host) and the DCE (Switch) only.Packets of Data are changed into Frames at the Data link layer.The X.25 packet receives header and trailer fields from the HDLC protocol.A HDLC Frame is made up of the following components.1. Flag, 2. Address, 3. Control, 4. Data, 5. FCS, 6. FCS, 7. Flag.A flag is used to mark the start and end of a frame. A flag is made up of a uniquebit pattern "01111110". If this pattern appears as part of a piece of data then a method called Bit Stuffing is envoked. Bit Stuffing changes the format of the data so it doesnt match the Flag. This occurs when 5 ones occurs in a row, a zero is inserted after the fifth one. At the other end it is noticed that there is 5 onesfollowed by a zero so it. The address field can have one of two values.00000001 or 00000011 the reason for this is that HDLC governs the movment between DTE & DCE only so only addresses are required. The control field indicates the type of HDLC frame it is. The frame can be an I frame an S frame or a U Frame. The Data field is the original X.25 packet. There are two FCS (Frame Check Sequence) octets which contain the result of an algorithm used for errordetection.I (Information) Frames contain user data. Each I frame has a sequence numberthis is used to sequence frames on arrival. I frames can also be used as ACKs.Control frames can be U (Unnumbered) Frames or numbered Supervisory framse (S frames). U frames dont contain sequence numbers. U frames are primarily used to setup and release connections, they can also be used to ACK other U Frames. An SABM (Set uplink in balenced mmode) frame is sent to setup a link in balanced mode. The DM frame is used to confirm that a station is in Disconnect Mode. If the responce to an SABM is DM this means that the receiving host is not ready to setup a link.If the host is ready to establish a link the a UA frame is sent in responce.A DISC frame is sent to release a previously setup connection. The normal responce to a DISC is a UA.@D!"((  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableEA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&Y a^!$ \ @Ui MB!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtUHHigh Level Datalink Control Link Access Procedure - Balanced.This protocol operates at the data link layer in a packet swutched network.IT controls the movment of data between the DTE (Host) and the DCE (Switch) only.Packets of Data are changed into Frames at the Data link layer.The X.25 packet receives header and trailer fields from the HDLC protocol.A HDLC Frame is made up of the following components.1. Flag, 2. Address, 3. Control, 4. Data, 5. FCS, 6. FCS, 7. Flag.A flag is used to mark the start and end of a frame. A flag is made up of a uniquebit pattern "01111110". If this pattern appears as part of a piece of data then a method called Bit Stuffing is envoked. Bit Stuffing changes the format of the data so it doesnt match the Flag. This occurs when 5 ones occurs in a row, a zero is inserted after the fifth one. At the other end it is noticed that there is 5 onesfollowed by a zero so it. The address field can have one of two values.00000001 or 00000011 the reason for this is that HDLC governs the movment between DTE & DCE only so only two addresses are required. The control field indicates the type of HDLC frame it is. The frame can be an I frame an S frame or a U Frame. The Data field is the original X.25 packet. There are two FCS (Frame Check Sequence) octets which contain the result of an algorithm used for errordetection.I (Information) Frames contain user data. Each I frame has a sequence numberthis is used to sequence frames on arrival. I frames can also be used as ACKs.Control frames can be U (Unnumbered) Frames or numbered Supervisory framse (S frames). U frames dont contain sequence numbers. U frames are primarily used to setup and release connections, they can also be used to ACK other U Frames. An SABM (Set uplink in balenced mmode) frame is sent to setup a link in balanced mode. The DM frame is used to confirm that a station is in Disconnect Mode. If the responce to an SABM is DM this means that the receiving host is not ready to setup a link.If the host is ready to establish a link the a UA frame is sent in responce.A DISC frame is sent to release a previously setup connection. The normal responce to a DISC is a UA.@D!"((  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableEA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&a^!$ \ @UM(B!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@D!"(I(  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IEEE 802.3  IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f& a^!$ \ @U M(B!#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@D!"(I  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6& IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&'a^!$ \ @U'M(B#)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU?DFeatures:128 bit IP Addressing, in comparison to IP V.4 with 32 Bit addresses.It user CIDR Classless inter Domain Routing.Simplified IP Header to speed up routing.Broadcasting not supported (Multicast required)No fragmentation of packets by the routers. This is only allowed on an end to end basis. Sender fragments if neccessary, receiver defrags.NOTE: Path MTU discovery required prior to sendig anything because of this.Authentication and Security built in.No ARP supported. (replaced by neighbour discovery using ICMP & multicasting.Router discovery required.Plug & Play.Each word (16 Bit quantity) in the IP V6 address is represented by a HEX charecter.0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. Note preceding zeros in the address can be collapsed by "::".The above address would be displayed as ::1.The IP V.6 spec calls for addresses to be constructed as follows.1 byte format prefix + registry ID (IANA, INTERNIC ect)2 byte provider ID1 byte reserved3 byte subscriber ID1 byte reserved2 byte subnet ID6 byte interface ID (Envisioned to be the actual 48 bit address of the network)@D!"(I  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6? IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&2a^!$ \ @U2M(B.)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@DFeatures:128 bit IP Addressing, in comparison to IP V.4 with 32 Bit addresses.It user CIDR Classless inter Domain Routing.Simplified IP Header to speed up routing.Broadcasting not supported (Multicast required)No fragmentation of packets by the routers. This is only allowed on an end to end basis. Sender fragments if neccessary, receiver defrags.NOTE: Path MTU discovery required prior to sending anything because of this.Authentication and Security built in.No ARP supported. (replaced by neighbour discovery using ICMP & multicasting.Router discovery required.Plug & Play.Each word (16 Bit quantity) in the IP V6 address is represented by a HEX charecter.0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. Note preceding zeros in the address can be collapsed by "::".The above address would be displayed as ::1.The IP V.6 spec calls for addresses to be constructed as follows.1 byte format prefix + registry ID (IANA, INTERNIC ect)2 byte provider ID1 byte reserved3 byte subscriber ID1 byte reserved2 byte subnet ID6 byte interface ID (Envisioned to be the actual 48 bit address of the network)@@!"(I  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6@ IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&>a^!$ \ @U->M(B9)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtUDFeatures:128 bit IP Addressing, in comparison to IP V.4 with 32 Bit addresses.It user CIDR Classless inter Domain Routing.Simplified IP Header to speed up routing.Broadcasting not supported (Multicast required)No fragmentation of packets by the routers. This is only allowed on an end to end basis. Sender fragments if neccessary, receiver defrags.NOTE: Path MTU discovery required prior to sending anything because of this.Authentication and Security built in.No ARP supported. (replaced by neighbour discovery using ICMP & multicasting.Router discovery required.Plug & Play.Each word (16 Bit quantity) in the IP V6 address is represented by a HEX charecter.0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1. Note preceding zeros in the address can be collapsed by "::".The above address would be displayed as ::1.The IP V.6 spec calls for addresses to be constructed as follows.1 byte format prefix + registry ID (IANA, INTERNIC ect)2 byte provider ID1 byte reserved3 byte subscriber ID1 byte reserved2 byte subnet ID6 byte interface ID (Envisioned to be the actual 48 bit address of the network)It is not forseen that users will own blocks of IPv6 addresses, as was the case with IPv4. The carriers an ISPs will provide an address for the duration of the connection.@D!"(I  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6 IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec  [f&Ja^!$ \ @UJM(BE)'7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtUBIPsec is a set of protocols being developed by IETF to support securedata transfer at the IP layer. Once completed IPsec is expected to beused throughout VPNs.IPsec supports 2 encryption modes. Transport and Tunnel. Transport only encrypts the data portion of the payload but leaves the header untouched.The more secure Tunnel mode encrypts both the data and the header.these are then decrypted on the receiving side by an IPsec compliant device.For IPsec to work the sending and receiving side must share a public key.This is accomplished by a protocol called the Internet Security Associationand Key Managment Protocol / Oakley. ISAKMP/Oakley.@D!"(I  FirmwarejAlterable programs in semipermanent storage, e.g., some type of read-only or flash reprogrammable memory. ForwardingProcess whereby an Ethernet switch or bridge reads the contents of a packet and then passes that packet on tothe appropriate attached segment. A forwarding rate is the time that it takes the device to execute all of the steps. FramingwDividing data packets for transmission into groups of bits, and adding a header and a check sequence to form a frame.GatewayZ HDLC LAP-B Host TableA list of TCP/IP hosts on the network along with their IP addresses.This is the hosts file on a PC, of an lmhost file on a Unixbox. HostcGenerally a node on a network that can be used interactively, i.e., logged into, like a computer.IABICMP IP AddressingThe IP address range is from 1 - 254. This is split into 3 Classes, each of whichhas its own address range.A = 1 - 127 B = 128 - 194 C = 195 - 254.IP V.6 IPC tInterProcess Communication handle the flow of data between the client and theServer. Nt4 provides a range of IPCs. IPXUInternetwork Packet eXchange, a NetWare protocol similar to IP (Internet Protocol).IPsec [ f&Sa^!$ \ @USM(BEQ7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ1 տ4EtU@uC9f XDReXternal Data Representation is another SUN protocol used in conjunction with NFS. This standard provides the description and encoding schemes to maintain machine indepentent formats. XDR is made up of a set of C library routines.  ILMIIntegrated Local Managment Interface allows ATM devices to exchange fault and performance managment info over a UNI interface. Each UME UNI Managment Entity uses VC 0,16 to exchange ILMI messages. COPSlCommon open Policy Service is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans. RSVPnResource Reservation Protocol is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans SBMiSubnet Bandwidth Manager is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet VlansBGPVRRP` DVMRP+Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol [ f&Za^!$ \ @USM(BEQ7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#ҠZ տ4EtU=DProtocol-Independant Multicast Protocol maintains the current IP multicast service mode of receiver-initiated membership. It is not dependant on a specific unicast routing protocol. In Dense mode, a router assumes that all other routers want to forward multicast packets for a group. If a router receives a multicast packet and has no directly connected membrs or PIM neighbours present, a Prune message is sent back to the source. Subsequent multicast packets are not flooded to this router on this pruned branch. PIM build source based multicast distribuion trees. In sparce mode a router assumes that other routers do not want to forward multicast packets for a group, unless there is a specific request for the traffic. When Hosts join the group the directy connected routers send PIM Join messages towards the rendezvous point (RP). The RP keeps track of multicast groups. Hosts that sent multicast packets are registered with the RP by that hosts first hop router. The RP then sends Join messages to the source. At this point packets are forwarded on a shared distribution tree.@C9f XDReXternal Data Representation is another SUN protocol used in conjunction with NFS. This standard provides the description and encoding schemes to maintain machine indepentent formats. XDR is made up of a set of C library routines.  ILMIIntegrated Local Managment Interface allows ATM devices to exchange fault and performance managment info over a UNI interface. Each UME UNI Managment Entity uses VC 0,16 to exchange ILMI messages. COPSlCommon open Policy Service is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans. RSVPnResource Reservation Protocol is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans SBMiSubnet Bandwidth Manager is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet VlansBGPVRRP` DVMRP+Distance Vector Multicast Routing ProtocolPIM = [f&`da^!$ \ @USM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡpd տ4EtU]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O [f&`da^!$ \ @USM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡpd j`jEtU@C9f XDReXternal Data Representation is another SUN protocol used in conjunction with NFS. This standard provides the description and encoding schemes to maintain machine indepentent formats. XDR is made up of a set of C library routines.  ILMIIntegrated Local Managment Interface allows ATM devices to exchange fault and performance managment info over a UNI interface. Each UME UNI Managment Entity uses VC 0,16 to exchange ILMI messages. COPSlCommon open Policy Service is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans. RSVPnResource Reservation Protocol is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans SBMiSubnet Bandwidth Manager is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet VlansBGPVRRP` DVMRP+Distance Vector Multicast Routing ProtocolPIM = H323\H.323 is the protocol being used by Picturetel to do video confrencing across the Internet. [f&ma^!$ \ @USM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡm j`jEtU@D9f< XDReXternal Data Representation is another SUN protocol used in conjunction with NFS. This standard provides the description and encoding schemes to maintain machine indepentent formats. XDR is made up of a set of C library routines.  ILMIIntegrated Local Managment Interface allows ATM devices to exchange fault and performance managment info over a UNI interface. Each UME UNI Managment Entity uses VC 0,16 to exchange ILMI messages. COPSlCommon open Policy Service is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans. RSVPnResource Reservation Protocol is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet Vlans SBMiSubnet Bandwidth Manager is one of the protocols required to use the 802.1p frame type in Ethernet VlansBGPVRRP` DVMRP+Distance Vector Multicast Routing ProtocolPIM = H323\H.323 is the protocol being used by Picturetel to do video confrencing across the Internet. 802.1QVirtual Bridged LANs [f& sa^!$ \ @USM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡs j`jEtU@-D9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ>y j`jEtU@@9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ j`jEtU@_D?9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ j`jEtU]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O [f&Ӆa^!$ \ @USM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡ PEtUCBorder Gateway Protocol RFC1771 allows you to create loop free interdomain routing between autonomous systems. (An autonomous system is a group of routers under a single technicle administration.)BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol (Port 179). Two BGP speaking routers form a TCP connection between one another (peer routers) and exchange messages to open and confirm the connection parameters.BGP routers will exchange network reachability information, this information is mainly an indication of the full paths (BGP AS numbers) that a route should take in order to reach a destination network. This information will help in constructing a graph of ASs that are loop free and where routing policies can be applied in order to enforce some restrictions on the reouting behavior.@aD?9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡv PEtUCOlder TCPs would start a connection with the sender injecting multiple segments into the network, up to the maximum advertised window size advertised by the receiver. While this is OK on the same LAN, if there are routers and slower links between the sender and the receiver , problems can arise. Some intermediate router must queue the packets and its posible for the router to run out of buffer space. This can be the cause of re-transmits thus slowing the overall network performance. Slow start operats by only injecting new packets into the network at teh smae rate that it receives ACKs from the other end. Slow start adds another window called "cwnd" to teh senders TCP stack. When a connection is initialized with a host on another network the cwnd window is set to one segment or frame size 512.For each ACK received the window is increased by another segment. The sender can transmit up to the minimum of the congestion window and the advertised flow control windw.@zD9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#ҠȜ PEtUDOlder TCPs would start a connection with the sender injecting multiple segments into the network, up to the maximum advertised window size advertised by the receiver. While this is OK on the same LAN, if there are routers and slower links between the sender and the receiver , problems can arise. Some intermediate router must queue the packets and its posible for the router to run out of buffer space. This can be the cause of re-transmits thus slowing the overall network performance. Slow start operats by only injecting new packets into the network at teh smae rate that it receives ACKs from the other end. Slow start adds another window called "cwnd" to teh senders TCP stack. When a connection is initialized with a host on another network the cwnd window is set to one segment or frame size 512.For each ACK received the window is increased by another segment. The sender can transmit up to the minimum of the congestion window and the advertised flow control windw.When it starts the first segment is sent. When an ACK is received the window is increased by 1 thus allowing 2 segments to be sent. When these are ACKed the window is increased by another segments. When the Acks stop coming then the window drops back to the sustainable rate of the connection.@zD9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#ҠY PEtUPBWhen TCP receives an out of order segment it generates whats called a duplicate ACK. This duplicate ACK should have a high priority and not be delayed inbeing sent back. Its purpose is to notify the sending party of the out of order segment, this prompts the sedning end to retransmit from the last properly ACKed segment number. Since TCP doesnt know whether a duplicate ACK is caused by an out of sequence segment or a lost segment, it waits till it receives more than 3 duplicate ACKs before assuming its caused by lost segments. If TCP receives 3 or more duplicate ACKs in a row it will automaticaly retransmit from the last sequence number without waiting for the retransmission timer to expire. This speeds up the whole network performance.Dh9f@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ PEtUPy]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O[h&ia^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EtUPy@P[h&ia^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EtUPy@P[h&ia^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EýtUPy@P[h&ia^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EtUPy@P[h&ia^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EtUPyAService Specific Connection Oriented protocol is a protocol spec that can be used in the B-ISDN ATM AAL. This protocol provides assured data delivery between AAL connection endpoints. it is also responsible for error correction by selective retransmission, flow control, connection control, error reporting to layer managment, connection mainttenance in the prolonged absence of data transfere, local data retrieval by the user and status reporting.@@SSCOPi[i&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ EtUP]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O[i&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ %EtUPAService Specific Connection Oriented protocol is a protocol spec that can be used in the B-ISDN ATM AAL. This protocol provides assured data delivery between AAL connection endpoints. it is also responsible for error correction by selective retransmission, flow control, connection control, error reporting to layer managment, connection mainttenance in the prolonged absence of data transfere, local data retrieval by the user and status reporting. In short SSCOP is to ATM what TCP is to IP.@@SSCOPj[ij&*a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ %EtUP:8@P[ij&*a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ %ErtUP:8*AHot Standby Routing Protocol is a Cisco protocol where you can configure two routers with the same MAC and IP address. One will act in Primary mode and the other in redundant. The redundant does not use the MAC and IP address unless it has no contact with the primary over a preconfigured timeout.@%@SSCOPjHSRPi*[j&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ %ErtUP8]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O[j&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ |ErtUP8@~@SSCOPjHSRPi* BTURBritish Thermal Units.To get this figure, multiply your max wattage by 3.4121413[j&5a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ |ErtUPE8]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O[j&5a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ DErtUPE8/D Sheet \cefd\c!efd.A "Arial<ClocknAccuracy (Slips Per Cycle)NAccuracy @ 1.544MHz NAccuracy @ 2.048MHz "Arial~Avg # slips based on 8KHz clock"Stratum1"1X10 -116+/- 0.0002 Hz 6+/- 0.0002 Hz*2.5 / Year"Stratum2&1.6X10 -82+/- 0.025 Hz 2+/- 0.033 Hz"11 / Day "Stratum3 &4.6X10 -6 "+/- 7 Hz "+/- 9 Hz &130 / DaySMC2&2.0X10 -5"+/- 31Hz &+/- 41 Hz"10 / Min"Stratum4&3.2X10 -5&+/- 50 Hz &+/- 66 Hz"15 / Min??A "Arial;ip&Sheet.app )r!F*DQ @@6SSCOPjHSRPi* BTURBritish Thermal Units.To get this figure, multiply your max wattage by 3.4121413Stratum Levelsk/#[k&.a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ DErtUP>8]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O#[k&.a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ ^ErtUP>8]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O#[k&.a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ {ErtUP>8AMulti Protocol Label Switching. Thiis is a standard being developed by the IETF. The planned completion date is Dec1998. It gets its roots from CISCO's TAG switching. Basicy it add a label to the datagram which contains info on QOS and the route the datagram must take through teh network. This eliminates the need to process the datagrams at each hop. Each hop is only responsible for swithing it out the correct port.@@6SSCOPjHSRPi* BTURBritish Thermal Units.To get this figure, multiply your max wattage by 3.4121413Stratum Levelsk/MPLSl([l&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ {ErtUP89]@Table1Name: 2 dNotes:d@OOO'! "Arial$#O([l&a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲk͂onqrsuwx_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ #ErtUP89ATransmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) TCP/IP is split into 4 layers.1. Application 2. Transport 3. Internet 4. Network Interface.Each layer corrisponde to one or more layers of the OSI model.TCP provides a connection oriented transport service.@_ Sketch5(5L? ?%? ?%? ?%? ?%? ?%? ?%? ? %? ? %? ??%? ??@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲkv onqrsux_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ #ErtUP89@P2[Fn&f a^!$ \ @UTSM(BEQ!`7.02I346aQ>@bACDE(GI5LOb+U3WXYE_`b+hHijԲkv onqrsux_|}~Cle.X՜#Ҡӱ #E|tUP89